The Oxidation of Alcohols

The Oxidation of Alcohols

Author: ChemistryViews

The oxidation of alcohols is an important reaction in organic chemistry. Primary alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes and carboxylic acids; secondary alcohols can be oxidized to give ketones. Tertiary alcohols, in contrast, cannot be oxidized without breaking the molecule’s C–C bonds.

 

Oxidation Reactions

Alcohol Oxidation

During the oxidation, the orange dichromate ion is reduced to the green Cr3+ ion. This can be used to detect alcohols.

 

Reactive C–H Bonds

Alcohol Oxidation

([O] = Oxidizer)

Reagents for Alcohol Oxidation

For the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes

  • Cr2O72– (dichromate)
  • CrO3/pyridine (Collins reagent)
  • Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)
  • Pyridinium dichromate (PDC, Cornforth reagent)
  • Dess–Martin periodinane
  • Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/oxalyl chloride (Swern oxidation)
  • etc.

For the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones

  • Cr2O72– (dichromate)
  • CrO3/pyridine (Collins reagent)
  • Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)
  • Pyridinium dichromate (PDC, Cornforth reagent)
  • Dess–Martin periodinane
  • Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/oxalyl chloride (Swern oxidation)
  • CrO3/H2SO4/acetone (Jones oxidation)
  • Aluminium isopropoxide/acetone (Oppenauer oxidation)
  • etc.

For the direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids

  • KMnO4 (potassium permanganate)
  • RuO4 (ruthenium tetroxide)
  • CrO3/H2SO4/acetone (Jones oxidation)
  • etc.

Sources

 

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