Priestley's great discoveries, including oxygen and other gases, electricity, and soda water, as well as his holding on to old chemical beliefs

African-American chemist worked on the development of an effective pertussis vaccine

Irish-born Scottish physicist, mathematician, engineer, and inventor made seminal contributions to thermodynamics, among many other fields

The chemist and entrepreneur began as a pharmacist at his "Grüne Apotheke," improved chemicals for photography, founded Schering AG, and co-founded the German Chemical Society

French chemist co-discovered the Friedel–Crafts reactions with James Mason Crafts

German physicist co-founded spectral analysis and co-discovered caesium and rubidium together with Robert Bunsen

American chemist developed diagnostic test strips with her research partner and husband, Alfred Free, revolutionizing self-testing for diabetes and other diseases

American Nobel Laureate, biochemist, and pharmacologist co-developed groundbreaking drugs for leukemia, herpes, and organ transplant rejection

Dutch chemist and crystallographer known for her discoveries on the use of diffraction in crystallography

American chemist co-developed the antifungal medication nystatin